Tinggalkanlah kesenangan yang menghalangi pencapaian kecemerlangan hidup yang diidamkan. Dan berhati-hatilah, karena beberapa kesenangan adalah cara gembira menuju kegagalan..
Tanpa cintanya, aku tidak dapat berbuat apa-apa, dengan cintanya, tidak ada yang tidak dapat aku lakukan.
Without His love I can do nothing, with His love there is nothing I cannot do.
Carilah seorang pria yang memanggil mu cantik, bukan hot / sexy
Yang menelepon kembali ketika kamu menutup telpon
Yang mau tiduran di bawah bintang dan mendengar detak jantungmu
Atau mau tetap terbangun untuk melihatmu tidur
Tunggulah seorang laki-laki yang mencium dahimu
Yang mau memamerkan dirimu pada dunia ketika kamu sedang keringetan
Yang menggenggam tanganmu di depan teman-temannya
Yang menganggap kamu tetap cantik tanpa riasan
Seseorang yang selalu mengingatkan kamu, betapa besar kepeduliannya padamu
dan betapa beruntungnya dia memilikimu
Seseorang yang berkata pada temannya: dialah orangnya…
Find a guy who calls you beautiful instead of hot, who calls you back when you hang up on him, who will lie under the stars and listen to your heartbeat, or will stay awake just to watch you sleep… wait for the boy who kisses your forehead, who wants to show you off to the world when you are in sweats, who holds your hand in front of his friends, who thinks you’ re just as pretty without makeup on. One who is constantly reminding you of how much he cares and how lucky he is to have YOU… The one who turns to his friends and says, thats her…
Hanya seorang yang pemarah yang bisa betul-betul bersabar. Seseorang yang tidak bisa merasa marah tidak bisa disebut penyabar, karena dia hanya tidak bisa marah. Sedangkan seorang lagi yang sebetulnya merasa marah, tetapi mengelola kemarahannya untuk berlaku baik dan adil adalah seorang yang berhasil menjadikan dirinya bersabar. Dan bila Anda mengatakan bahwa untuk bersabar itu sulit, Anda sangat tepat, karena kesabaran kita diukur dari kekuatan kita untuk tetap mendahulukan yang benar dalam perasaan yang membuat kita seolah-olah berhak untuk berlaku melampaui batas.
Pertemanan itu seperti jika anda mengencingi diri anda sendiri. Semua orang bisa melihatnya, tapi hanya anda yang merasakan kehangatannya.
Friendship is like peeing on yourself: everyone can see it, but only you get the warm feeling that it brings.
Bermimpilah seperti jika anda akan hidup selamanya, jalani hidup seperti jika anda akan mati hari ini.
Dream as if you’ll live forever, live as if you’ll die today.
Ibu saya bilang, hidup itu seperti sekotak coklat, kita tidak pernah tau apa yang akan kita dapat / hadapi.
My momma always said, “Life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you’re gonna get.
Selama hidup saya, saya tidak pernah mendapatkan pelajaran apapun dari orang-orang yang setuju dengan saya.
I have never in my life learned anything from any man who agreed with me.
Saya belajar selama saya hidup. Batu nisan akan menjadi ijazah saya.
I am learning all the time. The tombstone will be my diploma.
Selama hidup saya, saya tidak pernah mendapatkan pelajaran apapun dari orang-orang yang setuju dengan saya.
I have never in my life learned anything from any man who agreed with me.
Kegagalan2 di masa lalu saya merupakan pelajaran yang sangat berharga yang akhirnya berbuah kesuksesan.
Saya belajar banyak dari kegagalan saya, saya bisa menjadi ‘lebih pintar’ karena saya pernah gagal.
Saya pernah gagal, tapi saya masih di sini…
Saya tidak membiarkan kegagalan merampas impian saya untuk dapat bekerja dari rumah saja.
Belajar dari orang lain tidak perlu menunggu tulisan, step by step atau omongannya. Belajar dari orang lain bisa dengan mengamati, mengerti cara berpikir dan cara bekerjanya.
Mencintai adalah seperti bermain piano. Pada awalnya kita belajar untuk bermain sesuai aturan, setelah itu, lupakan aturan, dan bermain sesuai kata hati.
Love is like playing the piano. First you must learn to play by the rules, then you must forget the rules and play from your heart.
Bekerjalah seperti jika anda tidak membutuhkan uangnya.
Mencintailah seperti ketika anda tidak pernah disakiti.
Menarilah seperti ketika tidak ada orang yang menonton.
Work like you don’t need the money.
Love like you’ve never been hurt.
Dance like nobody is watching.
Langkah pertama dan yang paling penting menuju kesuksesan adalah merasakan bahwa kita bisa sukses.
The First and the most important step towards success is the feeling that we can succeed
Minggu, 10 Oktober 2010
Sabtu, 02 Oktober 2010
Sangkuriang
Long time ago in West Java, lived a beautiful girl named Dayang Sumbi. She was also smart and clever. Her beauty and intelligence made a prince from the heavenly kingdom of Kahyangan desire her as his wife. The prince asked permission from his father to marry Dayang Sumbi. People from Kahyangan could never live side by side with humans, but his father approved on one condition, when they had a child, the prince would transform into a dog. The prince accepted the condition.
They get married and lived happily in the woods until Dayang Sumbi gave birth to a baby boy. The prince then changed into a dog named Tumang. Their son is named Sangkuriang. He was very smart and handsome like his father. Everyday, he hunted animals and looked for fruits to eat. One day, when he was hunting, Sangkuriang accidentally killed Tumang. His arrow missed the deer he was targeting and hit Tumang instead. He went home and tells her mother about the dog. “What?” Dayang Sumbi was appalled. Driven by sadness and anger, she grabbed a weaving tool and hit Sangkuriang’s head with it. Dayang Sumbi was so sad; she didn’t pay any attention to Sangkuriang and started to cry.
Sangkuriang feel sad and also confused. How can his mother love a dog more than him? Sangkuriang then decided to go away from their home and went on a journey. In the morning, Dayang Sumbi finally stopped crying. She started to feel better, so she went to find Sangkuriang. But her son was no where to be found. She looked everywhere but still couldn’t find him. Finally, she went home with nothing. She was exhausted. She fell asleep, and in her dream, she meets her husband. “Dayang Sumbi, don’t be sad. Go look for my body in the woods and get the heart. Soak it with water, and use the water to bathe, and you will look young forever,” said the prince in her dream. After bathing with the water used to soak the dog’s heart, Dayang Sumbi looked more beautiful and even younger.
And time passed by. Sangkuriang on his journey stopped at a village and met and fell in love with a beautiful girl.He didn't realize that the village was his homeland and the beautiful girl was his own mother, Dayang Sumbi. Their love grew naturally and he asked the girl to marry him. One day, Sangkuriang was going on a hunt. He asked Dayang Sumbi to fix the turban on his head. Dayang Sumbi was startled when she saw a scar on his head at the same place where she, years ago, hit Sangkuriang on the head.
After the young man left, Dayang Sumbi prayed for guidance. After praying, she became convinced that the young man was indeed her missing son. She realized that she had to do something to prevent Sangkuriang from marrying her. But she did not wish to disappoint him by cancelling the wedding. So, although she agreed to marry Sangkuriang, she would do so only on the condition that he provides her with a lake and built a beautiful boat, all in one night.
Sangkuriang accepted this condition without a doubt. He had spent his youth studying magical arts. After the sun went down, Sangkuriang went to the hill. Then he called a group of genie to build a dam around Citarum River. Then, he commands the genies to cut down trees and build a boat. A few moments before dawn, Sangkuriang and his genie servants almost finished the boat.
Dayang Sumbi, who had been spying on him, realised that Sangkuriang would fulfill the condition she had set. Dayang Sumbi immediately woke all the women in the village and asked them to wave a long red scarf. All the women in the village were waving red scarf, making it look as if dawn was breaking. Deceived by false dawn, the cock crowed and farmers rose for the new day.
Sangkuriang’s genie servants immediately dropped their work and ran for cover from the sun, which they feared. Sangkuriang grew furious. With all his anger, he kicked the unfinished boat. The boat flew and landed on a valley. The boat then became a mountain, called Mount Tangkuban Perahu (Tangkuban means upturned or upside down, and Perahu means boat). With his power, he destroyed the dam. The water drained from the lake becoming a wide plain and nowadays became a city called Bandung (from the word Bendung, which means Dam).***
They get married and lived happily in the woods until Dayang Sumbi gave birth to a baby boy. The prince then changed into a dog named Tumang. Their son is named Sangkuriang. He was very smart and handsome like his father. Everyday, he hunted animals and looked for fruits to eat. One day, when he was hunting, Sangkuriang accidentally killed Tumang. His arrow missed the deer he was targeting and hit Tumang instead. He went home and tells her mother about the dog. “What?” Dayang Sumbi was appalled. Driven by sadness and anger, she grabbed a weaving tool and hit Sangkuriang’s head with it. Dayang Sumbi was so sad; she didn’t pay any attention to Sangkuriang and started to cry.
Sangkuriang feel sad and also confused. How can his mother love a dog more than him? Sangkuriang then decided to go away from their home and went on a journey. In the morning, Dayang Sumbi finally stopped crying. She started to feel better, so she went to find Sangkuriang. But her son was no where to be found. She looked everywhere but still couldn’t find him. Finally, she went home with nothing. She was exhausted. She fell asleep, and in her dream, she meets her husband. “Dayang Sumbi, don’t be sad. Go look for my body in the woods and get the heart. Soak it with water, and use the water to bathe, and you will look young forever,” said the prince in her dream. After bathing with the water used to soak the dog’s heart, Dayang Sumbi looked more beautiful and even younger.
And time passed by. Sangkuriang on his journey stopped at a village and met and fell in love with a beautiful girl.He didn't realize that the village was his homeland and the beautiful girl was his own mother, Dayang Sumbi. Their love grew naturally and he asked the girl to marry him. One day, Sangkuriang was going on a hunt. He asked Dayang Sumbi to fix the turban on his head. Dayang Sumbi was startled when she saw a scar on his head at the same place where she, years ago, hit Sangkuriang on the head.
After the young man left, Dayang Sumbi prayed for guidance. After praying, she became convinced that the young man was indeed her missing son. She realized that she had to do something to prevent Sangkuriang from marrying her. But she did not wish to disappoint him by cancelling the wedding. So, although she agreed to marry Sangkuriang, she would do so only on the condition that he provides her with a lake and built a beautiful boat, all in one night.
Sangkuriang accepted this condition without a doubt. He had spent his youth studying magical arts. After the sun went down, Sangkuriang went to the hill. Then he called a group of genie to build a dam around Citarum River. Then, he commands the genies to cut down trees and build a boat. A few moments before dawn, Sangkuriang and his genie servants almost finished the boat.
Dayang Sumbi, who had been spying on him, realised that Sangkuriang would fulfill the condition she had set. Dayang Sumbi immediately woke all the women in the village and asked them to wave a long red scarf. All the women in the village were waving red scarf, making it look as if dawn was breaking. Deceived by false dawn, the cock crowed and farmers rose for the new day.
Sangkuriang’s genie servants immediately dropped their work and ran for cover from the sun, which they feared. Sangkuriang grew furious. With all his anger, he kicked the unfinished boat. The boat flew and landed on a valley. The boat then became a mountain, called Mount Tangkuban Perahu (Tangkuban means upturned or upside down, and Perahu means boat). With his power, he destroyed the dam. The water drained from the lake becoming a wide plain and nowadays became a city called Bandung (from the word Bendung, which means Dam).***
Malin Kundang
Once upon a time, on the north coast of Sumatra lived a poor woman and his son. The boy was called Malin Kundang. They didn’t earn much as fishing was their only source of income. Malin Kundang grew up as a skillful young boy. He always helps his mother to earn some money. However, as they were only fisherman’s helper, they still lived in poverty. “Mother, what if I sail overseas?” asked Malin Kundang one day to his mother. Her mother didn’t agree but Malin Kundang had made up his mind. “Mother, if I stay here, I’ll always be a poor man. I want to be a successful person,” urged Malin kundang. His mother wiped her tears, “If you really want to go, I can’t stop you. I could only pray to God for you to gain success in life,” said his mother wisely. “But, promise me, you’ll come home.”
In the next morning, Malin Kundang was ready to go. Three days ago, he met one of the successful ship’s crew. Malin was offered to join him. “Take a good care of yourself, son,” said Malin Kundang’s mother as she gave him some food supplies. “Yes, Mother,” Malin Kundang said. “You too have to take a good care of yourself. I’ll keep in touch with you,” he continued before kissing his mother’s hand. Before Malin stepped onto the ship, Malin’s mother hugged him tight as if she didn’t want to let him go.
It had been three months since Malin Kundang left his mother. As his mother had predicted before, he hadn’t contacted her yet. Every morning, she stood on the pier. She wished to see the ship that brought Malin kundang home. Every day and night, she prayed to the God for her son’s safety. There was so much prayer that had been said due to her deep love for Malin Kundang. Even though it’s been a year she had not heard any news from Malin Kundang, she kept waiting and praying for him.
After several years waiting without any news, Malin Kundang’s mother was suddenly surprised by the arrival of a big ship in the pier where she usually stood to wait for her son. When the ship finally pulled over, Malin Kundang’s mother saw a man who looked wealthy stepping down a ladder along with a beautiful woman. She could not be wrong. Her blurry eyes still easily recognized him. The man was Malin Kundang, her son.
Malin Kundang’s mother quickly went to see her beloved son. “Malin, you’re back, son!” said Malin Kundang’s mother and without hesitation, she came running to hug Malin Kundang, “I miss you so much.” But, Malin Kundang didn’t show any respond. He was ashamed to admit his own mother in front of his beautiful wife. “You’re not my Mother. I don’t know you. My mother would never wear such ragged and ugly clothes,” said Malin Kundang as he release his mother embrace.
Malin Kundang’s mother take a step back, “Malin…You don’t recognize me? I’m your mother!” she said sadly. Malin Kundang’s face was as cold as ice. “Guard, take this old women out of here,” Malin Kundang ordered his bodyguard. “Give her some money so she won’t disturb me again!” Malin Kundang’s mother cried as she was dragged by the bodyguard, ”Malin... my son. Why do you treat your own mother like this?”
Malin Kundang ignored his mother and ordered the ship crews to set sail. Malin Kundang’s mother sat alone in the pier. Her heart was so hurt, she cried and cried. “Dear God, if he isn’t my son, please let him have a save journey. But if he is, I cursed him to become a stone,” she prayed to the God.
In the quiet sea, suddenly the wind blew so hard and a thunderstorm came. Malin Kundang’s huge ship was wrecked. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship, and fell on a small island. Suddenly, his whole body turned into stone. He was punished for not admitting his own mother.***
In the next morning, Malin Kundang was ready to go. Three days ago, he met one of the successful ship’s crew. Malin was offered to join him. “Take a good care of yourself, son,” said Malin Kundang’s mother as she gave him some food supplies. “Yes, Mother,” Malin Kundang said. “You too have to take a good care of yourself. I’ll keep in touch with you,” he continued before kissing his mother’s hand. Before Malin stepped onto the ship, Malin’s mother hugged him tight as if she didn’t want to let him go.
It had been three months since Malin Kundang left his mother. As his mother had predicted before, he hadn’t contacted her yet. Every morning, she stood on the pier. She wished to see the ship that brought Malin kundang home. Every day and night, she prayed to the God for her son’s safety. There was so much prayer that had been said due to her deep love for Malin Kundang. Even though it’s been a year she had not heard any news from Malin Kundang, she kept waiting and praying for him.
After several years waiting without any news, Malin Kundang’s mother was suddenly surprised by the arrival of a big ship in the pier where she usually stood to wait for her son. When the ship finally pulled over, Malin Kundang’s mother saw a man who looked wealthy stepping down a ladder along with a beautiful woman. She could not be wrong. Her blurry eyes still easily recognized him. The man was Malin Kundang, her son.
Malin Kundang’s mother quickly went to see her beloved son. “Malin, you’re back, son!” said Malin Kundang’s mother and without hesitation, she came running to hug Malin Kundang, “I miss you so much.” But, Malin Kundang didn’t show any respond. He was ashamed to admit his own mother in front of his beautiful wife. “You’re not my Mother. I don’t know you. My mother would never wear such ragged and ugly clothes,” said Malin Kundang as he release his mother embrace.
Malin Kundang’s mother take a step back, “Malin…You don’t recognize me? I’m your mother!” she said sadly. Malin Kundang’s face was as cold as ice. “Guard, take this old women out of here,” Malin Kundang ordered his bodyguard. “Give her some money so she won’t disturb me again!” Malin Kundang’s mother cried as she was dragged by the bodyguard, ”Malin... my son. Why do you treat your own mother like this?”
Malin Kundang ignored his mother and ordered the ship crews to set sail. Malin Kundang’s mother sat alone in the pier. Her heart was so hurt, she cried and cried. “Dear God, if he isn’t my son, please let him have a save journey. But if he is, I cursed him to become a stone,” she prayed to the God.
In the quiet sea, suddenly the wind blew so hard and a thunderstorm came. Malin Kundang’s huge ship was wrecked. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship, and fell on a small island. Suddenly, his whole body turned into stone. He was punished for not admitting his own mother.***
Cinderelas
Raden Putra was the king of Jenggala kingdom. He had a beautiful queen and concubine. Unlike the queen, the concubine had bad personalities. She was envious and jealous with the queen, so she planned to make the queen leave the palace. The concubine then asked the royal healer to help her in her plan. One day, the concubine pretended to be ill. Raden Putra called the royal healer to give the concubine treatments. “What is her disease?” Raden Putra asked the royal healer. “I’m very sorry, My Majesty. She is sick because the queen put poison in her meal,” the royal healer lied.
Raden Putra was shock and angry to hear the explanation. He called the queen and asked her if the story was true. Of course the queen denied, but Raden Putra won’t listen. “Please Your Majesty, have mercy. I really didn’t do anything,” cried the queen in her tears. Raden Putra’s anger ended in a decision. The queen should be banished to the woods and terminated. He did not know that the queen was already pregnant. Raden Putra commanded one of his general to do the punishment. The queen was banished to the woods, but the wise general didn’t have the heart to kill her. He built a simple house in the woods for her. On his way back to the palace, he smeared his sword with rabbit blood, so Raden Putra would believe that he had killed the queen.
After the general left, the queen lived by herself in the woods. Several months later, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy. The baby was named Cindelaras. He grew up as a nice, healthy, and handsome boy. One day, while Cindelaras helped her mother to collect some fire woods, an eagle dropped an egg. Cindelaras brought the egg to be brooded by a chicken behind their house. The egg hatched into a chick and then it slowly became a strong rooster. The rooster is no ordinary rooster. The rooster could sing. Every morning, the rooster woke Cindelaras up with its beautiful song, “My master is Cindelaras. His house is in the woods. He’s the son of Raden Putra.” The rooster often sang that song.
Cindelaras always woke up early in the morning and listen happily to his rooster’s song. He didn’t realize the meaning of the song until one day, he started to think. “Who is Raden Putra?” he asked his mother. The queen then told him the whole story. She also told him why they were banned from the kingdom and lived in the woods. Cindelaras was very surprised. He decided to go to the palace to meet the king, his father. Cindelaras asked her mother’s permission to go to the kingdom and to tell the king what really happened. He also brought his rooster that grew bigger and stronger each day.
On his way, Cindelaras stopped at a village. There, he met some people who were involved in cockfighting. They challenge him to see how strong his rooster was. “If your rooster wins, you’ll get a reward,” said the man who challenged him. Cindelaras accepted the challenge. In a few minutes, his rooster defeated the opponent’s rooster. He was challenged again by other man, and one more time, his rooster won. He won again and again.
The news about Cindelaras’ rooster quickly spread to the whole Jenggala kingdom and made Raden Putra curious. So, he invited Cindelaras to the palace. “What is your name, boy?” Raden Putra asked as Cindelaras arrived in the palace. “My name is Cindelaras, Your Majesty,” Cindelaras answered. He felt both thrilled and happy to see Raden Putra.
Raden Putra challenged Cindelaras with one condition. If Raden Putra’s rooster won, Cindelaras’ head would be cut off. But if Cindelaras’ rooster won, Raden Putra would share half of his wealth. Cindelaras accepted the condition. The competition was held in the front yard of the palace. The two roosters fought bravely. But in just a few minutes, Cindelaras’ rooster won the fight! Raden Putra shook his head and stared at Cindelaras from his seat, “That rooster is no ordinary rooster, and the boy is not an ordinaty boy either. Who is he exactly?” he thought. Raden Putra was about to asked when suddenly Cindelaras’ rooster sang the song, “My master is Cindelaras. His house is in the woods. He’s the son of Raden Putra.”
Raden Putra was surprised. “Is it true?” he asked. “Yes, My Majesty. My name is Cindelaras and my mother was the queen,” said Cindelaras. Raden putra called the general who had banished the queen. The general then confessed that he never killed the queen. Later, the royal healer also admitted his mistake. Raden Putra was so shocked. He immediately went to the woods to pick up the queen. Ever since, Cindelaras and his parents lived happily together. As for the concubine, she was sent to the jail as punishment.***
Raden Putra was shock and angry to hear the explanation. He called the queen and asked her if the story was true. Of course the queen denied, but Raden Putra won’t listen. “Please Your Majesty, have mercy. I really didn’t do anything,” cried the queen in her tears. Raden Putra’s anger ended in a decision. The queen should be banished to the woods and terminated. He did not know that the queen was already pregnant. Raden Putra commanded one of his general to do the punishment. The queen was banished to the woods, but the wise general didn’t have the heart to kill her. He built a simple house in the woods for her. On his way back to the palace, he smeared his sword with rabbit blood, so Raden Putra would believe that he had killed the queen.
After the general left, the queen lived by herself in the woods. Several months later, she gave birth to a healthy baby boy. The baby was named Cindelaras. He grew up as a nice, healthy, and handsome boy. One day, while Cindelaras helped her mother to collect some fire woods, an eagle dropped an egg. Cindelaras brought the egg to be brooded by a chicken behind their house. The egg hatched into a chick and then it slowly became a strong rooster. The rooster is no ordinary rooster. The rooster could sing. Every morning, the rooster woke Cindelaras up with its beautiful song, “My master is Cindelaras. His house is in the woods. He’s the son of Raden Putra.” The rooster often sang that song.
Cindelaras always woke up early in the morning and listen happily to his rooster’s song. He didn’t realize the meaning of the song until one day, he started to think. “Who is Raden Putra?” he asked his mother. The queen then told him the whole story. She also told him why they were banned from the kingdom and lived in the woods. Cindelaras was very surprised. He decided to go to the palace to meet the king, his father. Cindelaras asked her mother’s permission to go to the kingdom and to tell the king what really happened. He also brought his rooster that grew bigger and stronger each day.
On his way, Cindelaras stopped at a village. There, he met some people who were involved in cockfighting. They challenge him to see how strong his rooster was. “If your rooster wins, you’ll get a reward,” said the man who challenged him. Cindelaras accepted the challenge. In a few minutes, his rooster defeated the opponent’s rooster. He was challenged again by other man, and one more time, his rooster won. He won again and again.
The news about Cindelaras’ rooster quickly spread to the whole Jenggala kingdom and made Raden Putra curious. So, he invited Cindelaras to the palace. “What is your name, boy?” Raden Putra asked as Cindelaras arrived in the palace. “My name is Cindelaras, Your Majesty,” Cindelaras answered. He felt both thrilled and happy to see Raden Putra.
Raden Putra challenged Cindelaras with one condition. If Raden Putra’s rooster won, Cindelaras’ head would be cut off. But if Cindelaras’ rooster won, Raden Putra would share half of his wealth. Cindelaras accepted the condition. The competition was held in the front yard of the palace. The two roosters fought bravely. But in just a few minutes, Cindelaras’ rooster won the fight! Raden Putra shook his head and stared at Cindelaras from his seat, “That rooster is no ordinary rooster, and the boy is not an ordinaty boy either. Who is he exactly?” he thought. Raden Putra was about to asked when suddenly Cindelaras’ rooster sang the song, “My master is Cindelaras. His house is in the woods. He’s the son of Raden Putra.”
Raden Putra was surprised. “Is it true?” he asked. “Yes, My Majesty. My name is Cindelaras and my mother was the queen,” said Cindelaras. Raden putra called the general who had banished the queen. The general then confessed that he never killed the queen. Later, the royal healer also admitted his mistake. Raden Putra was so shocked. He immediately went to the woods to pick up the queen. Ever since, Cindelaras and his parents lived happily together. As for the concubine, she was sent to the jail as punishment.***
Senin, 27 September 2010
Electron Affinities of the Main-Group Elements*
The electron affinity is a measure of the energy change when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion. For example, when a neutral chlorine atom in the gaseous form picks up an electron to form a Cl- ion, it releases an energy of 349 kJ/mol or 3.6 eV/atom. It is said to have an electron affinity of -349 kJ/mol and this large number indicates that it forms a stable negative ion. Small numbers indicate that a less stable negative ion is formed. Groups VIA and VIIA in the periodic table have the largest electron affinities.
* Alkali earth elements (Group IIA) and noble gases (Group VIIIA) do not form stable negative ions.
Electron Affinities in kJ/mole
Period IA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Period 1 H ... ... ... ... ...
-73 ... ... ... ... ...
Period 2 Li B C N O F
-60 -27 -122 0 -141 -328
Period 3 Na Al Si P S Cl
-53 -44 -134 -72 -200 -349
Period 4 K Ga Ge As Se Br
-48 -30 -120 -77 -195 -325
Period 5 Rb In Sn Sb Te I
-47 -30 -121 -101 -190 -295
Period 6 Cs Tl Pb Bi Po At
-45 -30 -110 -110 -180 -270
Electron Affinities in Electron Volts
1 kJ/mol = .010364 eV/atom
Period IA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Period 1 H ... ... ... ... ...
-0.76 ... ... ... ... ...
Period 2 Li B C N O F
-0.62 -0.28 -1.27 0 -1.43 -3.41
Period 3 Na Al Si P S Cl
-0.55 -0.46 -1.39 -0.75 -2.08 -3.62
Period 4 K Ga Ge As Se Br
-0.50 -0.31 -1.25 -0.80 -2.02 -3.37
Period 5 Rb In Sn Sb Te I
-0.49 -0.31 -1.26 -1.05 -1.97 -3.06
Period 6 Cs Tl Pb Bi Po At
-0.47 -0.31 -1.14 -1.14 -1.87 -2.80
* Alkali earth elements (Group IIA) and noble gases (Group VIIIA) do not form stable negative ions.
Electron Affinities in kJ/mole
Period IA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Period 1 H ... ... ... ... ...
-73 ... ... ... ... ...
Period 2 Li B C N O F
-60 -27 -122 0 -141 -328
Period 3 Na Al Si P S Cl
-53 -44 -134 -72 -200 -349
Period 4 K Ga Ge As Se Br
-48 -30 -120 -77 -195 -325
Period 5 Rb In Sn Sb Te I
-47 -30 -121 -101 -190 -295
Period 6 Cs Tl Pb Bi Po At
-45 -30 -110 -110 -180 -270
Electron Affinities in Electron Volts
1 kJ/mol = .010364 eV/atom
Period IA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Period 1 H ... ... ... ... ...
-0.76 ... ... ... ... ...
Period 2 Li B C N O F
-0.62 -0.28 -1.27 0 -1.43 -3.41
Period 3 Na Al Si P S Cl
-0.55 -0.46 -1.39 -0.75 -2.08 -3.62
Period 4 K Ga Ge As Se Br
-0.50 -0.31 -1.25 -0.80 -2.02 -3.37
Period 5 Rb In Sn Sb Te I
-0.49 -0.31 -1.26 -1.05 -1.97 -3.06
Period 6 Cs Tl Pb Bi Po At
-0.47 -0.31 -1.14 -1.14 -1.87 -2.80
Jumat, 24 September 2010
Pembuatan kecap
A. LANDASAN TEORI
Tape merupakan makanan tradisional yang banyak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Proses pembuatan tape melibatkan proses fermentasi yang dilakukan oleh jamur Saccharomyces cerivisiae. Jamur ini memiliki kemampuan dalam mengubah karbohidrat (fruktosa dan glukosa) menjadi alcohol dan karbondioksida. Selain Saccharomycescerivisiae, dalam proses pembuatan tape ini terlibat pula mikrorganisme lainnya, yaitu Mucor chlamidosporus dan Endomycopsis fibuligera. Kedua mikroorganisme ini turut membantu dalam mengubah pati menjadi gula sederhana (glukosa).
B. ALAT DAN BAHAN
1. Pengukus nasi (langseng) 1 buah
2. Panci atau baskom 1 buah
3. Tampah 1 buah
4. Cukil kayu 1 buah
5. Kipas 1 buah
6. Keler/daun pisang/plastik
7. Beras ketan hitam atau ketan putih
8. Ragi tape
C. PROSEDUR KERJA
1. Cuci bersih semua peraltan yang akan digunakan, lalu keringkan
2. Cuci bersih beras ketan yang akan digunakan
3. Rendamlah beras ketan tersebut selama 12 jam
4. Setelah direndam selama 12 jam, angkat beras ketan tersebut lalu bilas dengan air beberapa kali
5. Kukus beras ketan tersebut sampai matang
6. Angkat beras ketan yang telah matang, lalu letakkan di atas tampah atau baskom, dinginkan dengan cara mengipasinya
7. Setelah dingin campurkan ragi yang telah dihaluskan dan aduk sampai merata
8. Bungkus ketan yang tela dicampur ragi dengan daun pisang atau plastik, atau masukkan ke dalam keler (stoples)
9. Simpan selama 2-3 hari
catatan:
1. Banyaknya ragi yang digunakan disesuaikan dengan jumlah beras ketan. Bila terlalu banyak akan mempercepat proses fermentasi dan menyebabkan rasa tape menjadi pengar, bila terlalu sedikit dapat menyebabkan tape yang terbentuk tidak manis dan terasa keras
2. Takaran ragi yang tepat biasanya diperoleh berdasarkan pengalaman
3. Kualitas tape yang baik turut ditentukan oleh jenis ragi yang digunakan dan asal ragi tersebut
Tape merupakan makanan tradisional yang banyak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Proses pembuatan tape melibatkan proses fermentasi yang dilakukan oleh jamur Saccharomyces cerivisiae. Jamur ini memiliki kemampuan dalam mengubah karbohidrat (fruktosa dan glukosa) menjadi alcohol dan karbondioksida. Selain Saccharomycescerivisiae, dalam proses pembuatan tape ini terlibat pula mikrorganisme lainnya, yaitu Mucor chlamidosporus dan Endomycopsis fibuligera. Kedua mikroorganisme ini turut membantu dalam mengubah pati menjadi gula sederhana (glukosa).
B. ALAT DAN BAHAN
1. Pengukus nasi (langseng) 1 buah
2. Panci atau baskom 1 buah
3. Tampah 1 buah
4. Cukil kayu 1 buah
5. Kipas 1 buah
6. Keler/daun pisang/plastik
7. Beras ketan hitam atau ketan putih
8. Ragi tape
C. PROSEDUR KERJA
1. Cuci bersih semua peraltan yang akan digunakan, lalu keringkan
2. Cuci bersih beras ketan yang akan digunakan
3. Rendamlah beras ketan tersebut selama 12 jam
4. Setelah direndam selama 12 jam, angkat beras ketan tersebut lalu bilas dengan air beberapa kali
5. Kukus beras ketan tersebut sampai matang
6. Angkat beras ketan yang telah matang, lalu letakkan di atas tampah atau baskom, dinginkan dengan cara mengipasinya
7. Setelah dingin campurkan ragi yang telah dihaluskan dan aduk sampai merata
8. Bungkus ketan yang tela dicampur ragi dengan daun pisang atau plastik, atau masukkan ke dalam keler (stoples)
9. Simpan selama 2-3 hari
catatan:
1. Banyaknya ragi yang digunakan disesuaikan dengan jumlah beras ketan. Bila terlalu banyak akan mempercepat proses fermentasi dan menyebabkan rasa tape menjadi pengar, bila terlalu sedikit dapat menyebabkan tape yang terbentuk tidak manis dan terasa keras
2. Takaran ragi yang tepat biasanya diperoleh berdasarkan pengalaman
3. Kualitas tape yang baik turut ditentukan oleh jenis ragi yang digunakan dan asal ragi tersebut
Pembuatan kecap
Secara umum, kecap dapat dibuat atau diproduksi dalam usaha skala kecil atau menengah bahkan rumah tangga. Namun demikian masing masing industri kecap memiliki "bumbu rahasia" atau resep khusus sehingga rasa kecap yang dihasilkannya memiliki nilai lebih ("lebih enak") dibandingkan dengan yang lain.
Mula-mula kedelai difermentasi oleh kapang Aspergillus sp. dan Rhizopus sp. menjadi semacam tempe kedelai. Kemudian "tempe" ini dikeringkan dan direndam di dalam larutan garam. Garam merupakan senyawa yang selektif terhadap pertumbuhan mikroba. Hanya mikroba tahan garam saja yang tumbuh pada rendaman kedelai tersebut. Mikroba yang tumbuh pada rendaman kedelai pada umumnya dari jenis khamir dan bakteri tahan garam, seperti khamir Zygosaccharomyces dan bakteri susu Lactobacillus. Mikroba ini merombak protein menjadi asam-asam amino dan komponen rasa dan aroma, serta menghasilkan asam. Fermentasi terjadi jika kadar garam cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 15 sampai 20%.
Bahan-bahan yang dibutuhkan adalah kedelai, garam, dan laru tempe. Kedelai direndam dalam air selama 12 jam, digiling, dan direbus selama 60 menit, ditaburi laru tempe, dijemur 5 hari. Air perebus dicampur garam, dan biji tempe dimasukkan. Setelah fermentasi selesai, saluran di bagian dasar wadah dibuka, dan cairan yang keluar ditampung. Cairan ini disebut sebagai kecap nomor 1.
Mula-mula kedelai difermentasi oleh kapang Aspergillus sp. dan Rhizopus sp. menjadi semacam tempe kedelai. Kemudian "tempe" ini dikeringkan dan direndam di dalam larutan garam. Garam merupakan senyawa yang selektif terhadap pertumbuhan mikroba. Hanya mikroba tahan garam saja yang tumbuh pada rendaman kedelai tersebut. Mikroba yang tumbuh pada rendaman kedelai pada umumnya dari jenis khamir dan bakteri tahan garam, seperti khamir Zygosaccharomyces dan bakteri susu Lactobacillus. Mikroba ini merombak protein menjadi asam-asam amino dan komponen rasa dan aroma, serta menghasilkan asam. Fermentasi terjadi jika kadar garam cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 15 sampai 20%.
Bahan-bahan yang dibutuhkan adalah kedelai, garam, dan laru tempe. Kedelai direndam dalam air selama 12 jam, digiling, dan direbus selama 60 menit, ditaburi laru tempe, dijemur 5 hari. Air perebus dicampur garam, dan biji tempe dimasukkan. Setelah fermentasi selesai, saluran di bagian dasar wadah dibuka, dan cairan yang keluar ditampung. Cairan ini disebut sebagai kecap nomor 1.
Sabtu, 28 Agustus 2010
Penemu Tipp-ex, gara-gara salah ketik.
Seorang juru ketik asal Amerika, Bette Nesmith Graham menemukan solusi untuk menutupi kesalahan dalam pengetikan dengan sebuah cairan bernama liquid paper atau yang kita kenal dengan tipp-ex.
Bette Nesmith Graham lahir 23 Maret 1924, di sudut kota Dallas, Texas, AS. Ia dibesarkan di kota kelahirannya oleh kedua orangtuanya, Jesse dan Christine McMurry. Sebagaimana lazimnya pendidikan sangat penting dalam kehidupan, Bette malah nggak suka pendidikan di bangku sekolah. Bahkan, ia harus dikeluarkan dari sekolah tingkat atas pada umur 17 tahun. Namun, minatnya untuk bekerja sangat kuat. Dengan tekun, ia melamar ke beberapa perusahaan yang ingin menampungnya untuk bekerja sebagai sekretaris.
Nasibnya cukup beruntung, lamarannya diterima di sebuah perusahaan yang membutuhkan orang yang berjiwa muda dan energik. Kemudian, dukungan perusahaan tempatnya bekerja, Bette Graham bisa melanjutkan sekolahnya yang tertunda. Ia kemudian melanjutkan karier intelektualny di sekolah sekretaris. Nggak lama kemudian, pada 1943, ia menikah saat berusia 19 tahun dengan Warren Nesmith, salah seorang tentara Amerika yang turut serta dalam Perang Dunia II. Tapi sayang, pernikahannya nggak berlangsung lama.
Setelah cerai, Bette Graham diangkat menjadi sekretaris eksekutif di Texas Bank dan Trust di Dallas. Pekerjannya yang memerlukan kecepatan dan ketilitian membuatnya sering melakukan kesalahan dalam pengetikan pada mesin ketik elektrik. Kesalahannya ini juga terjadi pada rekan kerjanya di kantor.
Cat Tempura
Suatu hari, Bette Graham melihat pelukis yang menumpuk warna sebuah gambar dengan cat lain. Kemudian, ia terinspirasi untuk menciptakan sesuatu yang bisa menutupi kesalahan dalam pengetikan di kertas. Sebagian literatur menyebutkan, Bette Graham meracik liquid paper dengan memblender cat tempura yang disesuaikan dengan warna kertas dan dimasukkan ke dalam botol-botol kecil agar mudah dibawa kemana-mana. Cairan tersebut dioleskan di atas tempat kesalahan tik. Untuk mengoleskan cat ramuannya, ia menggunakan kuas kecil.
Sebelum dikomersilkan penciptanya, cairan ini dikenal dengan nama Mistake Out. Karya sederhana Bette Graham cukup membantu dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan yang bertumpuk setiap hari. Ide briliannya banyak diminati pekerja kantor dan sekretaris. Untuk menghasilkan uang atas temuannya ini, ia mulai belajar metode promosi dan pemasaran. Tanpa lelah, Bette terus melakukan penilitian hingga cairan korektor yang dibuatnya semakin sempurna.
Setelah beberapa tahun menyempurnakan temuannya, Bette Graham mulaiberani menawarkan Mistake Out kepada perusahaan IBM yang saat itu merajai bisnis peralatan kantor. Namun, usahanya gagal. IBM menolak dengan alasan Mistake Out tidak memiliki nilai jual. Namun, hal tiu tidak melemahkan semangat Bette Graham. Ia kemudian mendirikan usaha Mistak Out Company di rumahnya. Belum lama usahanya berdiri, Bette Graham mendapatkan cobaan yang berat. Ia dipecat dari pekerjaannya karena sebuah kesalahan yang nggak bisa dimaafkan. Nasib buruk ini, dimanfaatkan untuk memasarkan produk buatannya itu.
Dengan modal seadanya, Bette Graham mempromosikan dan memasarkan cairan penutup kesalahan ketikan. Bahkan untuk meningkatkan nilai jual, dia mengganti nama Mistake Out menjadi Liquid Paper dan tetap memproduksi serta menjual produk itu dari dapur dan garasinya hingga 17 tahun berikutnya. Order terbesar pertamanya terjadi pada tahun 1962. Seorang pedagang asal San Antonio memborong produknya.
Pada tahun 1967, perusahannya itu menjadi perusahaan besar dan berhasil memasok produknya ke 31 negara. Bahkan, perusahaan yang kemudian diberi nama Liquid Paper itu pada tahun 1976 sudah mampu menghasilkan keuntungan bersih lebih dari 1,5 juta dolar AS. Tahun 1979, Gillette Corp. membeli seluruh perusahaan Bette dan paten Liquid Paper senilai 47,4 juta dolar AS dan royalti dalam setiap penjualan botolnya.
Bette Nesmith Graham meninggal pada 1980 saat berusia 56 tahun. Ia dimakamkan di tempat kelahirannya di Dallas, Texas. Meskipun Liquid Paper sudah jarang dipergunakan, namun karya sederhana Bette Graham tetap dikenang hingga sekarang.
Bette Nesmith Graham lahir 23 Maret 1924, di sudut kota Dallas, Texas, AS. Ia dibesarkan di kota kelahirannya oleh kedua orangtuanya, Jesse dan Christine McMurry. Sebagaimana lazimnya pendidikan sangat penting dalam kehidupan, Bette malah nggak suka pendidikan di bangku sekolah. Bahkan, ia harus dikeluarkan dari sekolah tingkat atas pada umur 17 tahun. Namun, minatnya untuk bekerja sangat kuat. Dengan tekun, ia melamar ke beberapa perusahaan yang ingin menampungnya untuk bekerja sebagai sekretaris.
Nasibnya cukup beruntung, lamarannya diterima di sebuah perusahaan yang membutuhkan orang yang berjiwa muda dan energik. Kemudian, dukungan perusahaan tempatnya bekerja, Bette Graham bisa melanjutkan sekolahnya yang tertunda. Ia kemudian melanjutkan karier intelektualny di sekolah sekretaris. Nggak lama kemudian, pada 1943, ia menikah saat berusia 19 tahun dengan Warren Nesmith, salah seorang tentara Amerika yang turut serta dalam Perang Dunia II. Tapi sayang, pernikahannya nggak berlangsung lama.
Setelah cerai, Bette Graham diangkat menjadi sekretaris eksekutif di Texas Bank dan Trust di Dallas. Pekerjannya yang memerlukan kecepatan dan ketilitian membuatnya sering melakukan kesalahan dalam pengetikan pada mesin ketik elektrik. Kesalahannya ini juga terjadi pada rekan kerjanya di kantor.
Cat Tempura
Suatu hari, Bette Graham melihat pelukis yang menumpuk warna sebuah gambar dengan cat lain. Kemudian, ia terinspirasi untuk menciptakan sesuatu yang bisa menutupi kesalahan dalam pengetikan di kertas. Sebagian literatur menyebutkan, Bette Graham meracik liquid paper dengan memblender cat tempura yang disesuaikan dengan warna kertas dan dimasukkan ke dalam botol-botol kecil agar mudah dibawa kemana-mana. Cairan tersebut dioleskan di atas tempat kesalahan tik. Untuk mengoleskan cat ramuannya, ia menggunakan kuas kecil.
Sebelum dikomersilkan penciptanya, cairan ini dikenal dengan nama Mistake Out. Karya sederhana Bette Graham cukup membantu dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan yang bertumpuk setiap hari. Ide briliannya banyak diminati pekerja kantor dan sekretaris. Untuk menghasilkan uang atas temuannya ini, ia mulai belajar metode promosi dan pemasaran. Tanpa lelah, Bette terus melakukan penilitian hingga cairan korektor yang dibuatnya semakin sempurna.
Setelah beberapa tahun menyempurnakan temuannya, Bette Graham mulaiberani menawarkan Mistake Out kepada perusahaan IBM yang saat itu merajai bisnis peralatan kantor. Namun, usahanya gagal. IBM menolak dengan alasan Mistake Out tidak memiliki nilai jual. Namun, hal tiu tidak melemahkan semangat Bette Graham. Ia kemudian mendirikan usaha Mistak Out Company di rumahnya. Belum lama usahanya berdiri, Bette Graham mendapatkan cobaan yang berat. Ia dipecat dari pekerjaannya karena sebuah kesalahan yang nggak bisa dimaafkan. Nasib buruk ini, dimanfaatkan untuk memasarkan produk buatannya itu.
Dengan modal seadanya, Bette Graham mempromosikan dan memasarkan cairan penutup kesalahan ketikan. Bahkan untuk meningkatkan nilai jual, dia mengganti nama Mistake Out menjadi Liquid Paper dan tetap memproduksi serta menjual produk itu dari dapur dan garasinya hingga 17 tahun berikutnya. Order terbesar pertamanya terjadi pada tahun 1962. Seorang pedagang asal San Antonio memborong produknya.
Pada tahun 1967, perusahannya itu menjadi perusahaan besar dan berhasil memasok produknya ke 31 negara. Bahkan, perusahaan yang kemudian diberi nama Liquid Paper itu pada tahun 1976 sudah mampu menghasilkan keuntungan bersih lebih dari 1,5 juta dolar AS. Tahun 1979, Gillette Corp. membeli seluruh perusahaan Bette dan paten Liquid Paper senilai 47,4 juta dolar AS dan royalti dalam setiap penjualan botolnya.
Bette Nesmith Graham meninggal pada 1980 saat berusia 56 tahun. Ia dimakamkan di tempat kelahirannya di Dallas, Texas. Meskipun Liquid Paper sudah jarang dipergunakan, namun karya sederhana Bette Graham tetap dikenang hingga sekarang.
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